Which policy primarily controls the money supply to influence unemployment and price stability?

• A. Monetary policy
• B. Fiscal policy
• C. Trade policy
• D. Regulatory policy

Answer: (A)

The main idea behind this question is that monetary policy controls the money supply to steer unemployment and price stability. A central bank uses tools like open market operations (buying or selling government bonds), setting target interest rates, adjusting reserve requirements, and influencing the cost of borrowing to influence liquidity in the economy. When the central bank increases the money supply and lowers interest rates, borrowing and spending tend to rise, which can lower unemployment and, depending on conditions, raise prices. Conversely, tightening the money supply and raising rates can cool demand, help restrain inflation, and affect employment differently.

Fiscal policy, by contrast, uses government spending and taxes to influence overall demand but does not directly manage the money supply. Trade policy affects the economy through tariffs and trade agreements, not the central bank’s control of money. Regulatory policy shapes business costs and behavior through rules, not the money stock.